Short Review Vol. 4 No. 1 (2020): International J Health Systems and Implementation Research

How Modern Geographical Information Systems Based Mapping and Tracking Can Help to Combat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic around the World and India.

GIS Based Mapping and Tracking to Combat SARS-CoV2

Authors

  • James T Devasia
  • Subitha Lakshminarayanan
  • Sitanshu Sekhar Kar

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Topics

Keywords:

  • GIS
  • Geographical Information System
  • COVID-19
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • Coronavirus
  • Mobile Apps
  • Dashboards
  • Pandemic
  • India

Abstract

In December 2019, a new virus of unknown etiology emerged in Wuhan city of Hubei Province, China causing the severe acute respiratory syndrome. The new virus originally called ‘Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV’, subsequently renamed to SARS-CoV-2 cause the disease named COVID-19. Despite China’s effort to contain the virus within Wuhan, it spread across the continent and affected more than 200 countries within a short period and has put millions of lives and jobs in jeopardy. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and its methods have been proven as an effective tool to control and monitor the preparedness of such pandemic in the past. This paper presents review of web-based real-time map-centric dashboards and mobile applications using modern GIS technologies, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in order to collate the data from different validated sources to map and disseminate information on the disease spread, risk mapping, contact tracing and to keep track of COVID 19 pandemic across the world and India.

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Introduction

The first case of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV was reported in Wuhan city of Hubei Province, China in December 2019; later it was renamed as – SARS-CoV-2 which causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Coronavirus is a group of viruses that can cause mild to lethal illnesses causing respiratory tract infections. The first such virus was found in domesticated chickens in 1930 as the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) [1], and the first human coronavirus was isolated in 1960 [2,3]. Unlike other coronavirus linked illness, two outbreaks namely: a) an outbreak of atypical pneumonia in Guangdong Province, China in November 2002, also known to be the first known lethal illness of SARS [4–6], and b) Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also known as camel flu, caused by the MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), originated in Arabian Peninsula in 2012 [7–9], had raised the alarm globally. Coronavirus disease COVID-19 that emerged in Wuhan spread extremely fast across the globe [10–12] as compared to the 2003 and 2012 SARS and MERS outbreaks. Based on epidemiology of this disease, on January 30, 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) [13].

Longley et al., in their book Geographic Information Systems, have defined “Geographic information systems are a special class of information systems that keep track not only of events, activities, and things, but also of where these events, activities, and things happen or exist.” The systems consists of human resources, procedures, software, networks, and hardware for input, capable of analyzing and displaying spatially referenced data [14].

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and its methods have proven to be a powerful tool in SARS and MERS outbreaks in order to visualize progression of these diseases, to understand spatial evolution and temporal changes of diseases clusters over time, and to learn the spatial distribution of suspected cases (for example, Corda’s World Map of SARS depicts each country affected by SARS corona virus in choropleth maps Figure:1 [15]. These methods also allow the spatial contact tracing of a suspected case, spatial prediction of disease transmission and risk mapping to understand the epidemiology of the diseases [15–20].

World map of SARS cases as of 11 July 2003 shaded by number of cases per country (data from WHO, CORDA Technologies), with a pop-up showing China - 5,327 cases and a bar chart of SARS deaths by country. China has the tallest death bar at roughly 350, followed by Hong Kong at about 300, Taiwan at about 85, Canada at about 40 and Singapore at about 30.
Figure: 1 World SARS Cases by July 2003 [15]

Conventional mapping of disease outbreaks and their locations was done effectively in the 1854 London cholera outbreak [21], and the 1694 containment of plague in Italy [22]. Modern technologies for robust mapping and spatial analysis of health indices started in 1960. In 2016, the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, used web based GIS technologies from Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) to track the Zika virus outbreak in USA [23,24].

Interactive web-based maps play a crucial role in outbreak control, offering real-time or near real-time map updates, incorporating multiple data sources from different countries, data triangulation of variety of sources, and offer wider dissemination to larger audiences across the globe. This paper illustrates how modern GIS technologies are being used to tackle the COVID-19 outbreak in the world and in India.

Global Initiatives of Web-Based COVID-19 Tracking

The perils of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak have traversed across the globe, risking people’s lives. However, this COVID-19 pandemic did create extensive misinformation regarding the illness [25]. This led the authorities to channel exact and accurate information regarding SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Globally many organizations, universities, and government joined hands to develop a combined GIS, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and big data-enabled analytics dashboards to track and map the dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of these dashboards use many data sources across the world and update their information in real-time or in near real-time by AI-powered technology [26].

COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)

The dashboard was developed by Lauren Gardner, Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and Systems Engineering at Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, and her team. The dashboard debuted on January 22, 2020, and now has one billion views per day (Figure: 2) [27]. Total confirmed cases by country get updated on left side of the dashboard and total deaths, total recovered, and total tests conducted in the USA are displayed on right side of dashboard. The bottom of the dashboard depicts a link to the article in Lancet [28], blog[29] and downloadable dataset in GitHub [30]. ESRI living atlas team supports the GIS components, with striking black and red world map [31]. Data sources for JHU CSSE dashboard are: World Health Organization [32], Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) [33], European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) [34], National Health Commission of People Republic of China (NHC) [35], DXY.DX Doctor (DXY) [36], 1point3acres [37], Worldometers.info [38], BNO [39], and the COVID Tracking Project [40]. Anyone with an active internet connection and with few clicks can learn from this resource. JHU dashboard also provides a mobile version [41] as well as future maps [42].

Screenshot of the JHU CSSE COVID-19 dashboard dated 25 April 2020: world map of red case bubbles, total confirmed 2,822,003, total deaths 197,506, total tests conducted in the US 4,940,376, a country list led by the US with 905,333 cases, and a rising cumulative-case curve.
Figure: 2 COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Screenshot date: 25th April 2020 [27]

WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Situation Dashboard

WHO has released a key update about COVID-19 situation dashboard as COVID-19 initiative with a clean and modern user interface with several data visualizations (Figure: 3) [43]. This update allows users to get information on confirmed cases and deaths on daily statistics. At the top, the user can filter the country or region, while the left side dropdown allows to choose cases or deaths. Case and deaths are shown in a heatmap style bubble map. Several interactive bar charts show confirmed cases and deaths over time, case comparisons of WHO regions, daily cases by WHO regions, and the highest cases by country or territory or area displayed by line charts. The Explorer section on top right corner of the web page helps to understand the complex dataset for easy access and use. User can change the Y-axis, X-axis and Z-axis with the drop-down options from top left, bottom center and top right section of the bubble graph plot area respectively. Country filter options are provided just below to Z-axis selection. By default, explorer portrays world-wide cumulative case vs cumulative deaths with depth field is set to population. The dashboard is maintained by the WHO Health Emergency Team and the source of data on this dashboard is cases and deaths reported to WHO by every country.

Screenshot of the WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) situation dashboard dated 26 April 2020: a bubble map of the world with 93,109 new cases, 2,804,796 confirmed cases and 193,722 deaths, and a line stating these figures as reported to WHO.
Figure: 3 WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) situation Dashboard. Screenshot date: 26th April 2020 [43]

HealthMap by Boston Children’s Hospital

Epidemiologists, researchers, and software engineers at Boston Children’s Hospital developed a respiratory alert system (Figure: 4) [44, 45]. HealthMap was founded in 2006 for real-time surveillance of public health threats using online sources. The dashboard also provides alerts about the Ebola outbreak, Avion influenza, measles, and vector-borne diseases. Users can also search using keywords based on diseases, location, source, dates, and species.

Screenshot of the HealthMap world map of alert markers, with a pop-up listing 3309 respiratory alerts (COVID-19 3221) and 222 vectorborne alerts (dengue 200); header reads 1324 alerts from the past week.
Figure: 4 HealthMap by Boston Children’s Hospital. Screenshot date: 26th April 2020 [44]

Prominent universities, international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have also developed web-based dashboards for tracking coronavirus infections worldwide, some of the notable dashboards are Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Map by University of Washington [46], The Kaiser Family Foundation’s COVID-19 Coronavirus Tracker [47], Corona Board’s COVID-19 Dashboard [48] and Microsoft corporation’s Bing COVID-19 Tracker [49]. Table 1 illustrates the list of top coronavirus dashboard which updates real-time parameters of this disease.

Table: 1 COVID-19 Maps & visuals (Global)
Dashboard NameOrganizationLink/ References
COVID-19 Situation DashboardWHOhttps://covid19.who.int
COVID-19 DashboardJHU CSSEhttps://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
COVID-19 DashboardCoronaboardhttps://coronaboard.com/global/
COVID-19 TrackerMicrosofthttps://www.bing.com/covid
COVID-19 Infection MapUniversity of Washingtonhttps://hgis.uw.edu/virus/
COVID-19 Data HubTableauhttps://www.tableau.com/covid-19-coronavirus-data-resources
COVID-19 Maps and AnalyticsSharedGeohttps://uscovid-19map.org
COVID-19 Outbreak timeline mapHealthMaphttps://www.healthmap.org/covid-19/
COVID-19 Surveillance DashboardUniversity of Virginiahttps://nssac.bii.virginia.edu/covid-19/dashboard/
COVID-19 CasesCDChttps://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html
COVID-19 Coronavirus TrackerKFFhttps://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/coronavirus-tracker/
Health MapHealthMaphttps://healthmap.org/en/
ESRI Story MapsESRIhttps://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/4fdc0d03d3a34aa485de1fb0d2650ee0

Indian initiatives of COVID-19 Tracking Web-Based Dashboards

COVID-19 pandemic has risen a tremendous need for Information Communication Technologies (ICT) in health systems across India. This includes mobile and web-based coronavirus situation dashboards, surveillance of infection, contact tracing of suspected or confirmed cases, monitoring effective home quarantine, efficient resource allocation, and managing response and communications. According to a news article published in Nature, India heavily depends on people's power to combat with COVID-19 pandemic [50]. Along with national organizations like Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), many states have developed their own dashboards as well using data from various validated sources.

COVID-19 INDIA by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)

COVID-19 INDIA dashboard, developed and hosted by National Informatics Centre (NIC) (Figure: 5) [51], offers a clean user interface and an interactive chart and map display of coronavirus infections updated on daily basis. Top right side of the dashboard gives the snapshot of ‘Active Case’, ‘Cured/Discharged’, ‘Deaths’ and ‘Migrated’ in four colored boxes. On left side, choropleth maps with ‘Count’ as legends, depicts state wise positive cases, cured, and total death due to COVID-19. Hovering over the maps displays a pop-up box with UpToDate status of COVID-19 state name, current positive, cured and deaths. The left side of the dashboard offers trend analysis of active cases, cured cases, deaths, and differential number of cases as compared to the previous day of all states. The bar graph at bottom of the dashboard depicts state-wise COVID-19 Cases, Cured/Discharge/Migrated and Deaths.

Screenshot of the COVID-19 INDIA dashboard of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare as on 27 April 2020: 21132 active cases, 6361 cured/discharged, 886 deaths and 1 migrated, a state-wise choropleth map of India (Maharashtra darkest, scale up to 8068) and a trend line chart for 16-27 April 2020.
Figure: 5 COVID-19 INDIA by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). Screenshot date: 27th April 2020 [51]

India - COVID 19 by National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), GoI (India)

In March 2020, NDMA in assistance with ESRI launched the COVID tracking dashboard (Figure: 6) [52], which helps to keep track of the number of cases reported in the country. The dashboard also portrays the world statistics of coronavirus cases as well. On the left side, an interactive pie chart depicts the number of confirmed cases by states. Below this graph, another line graph showing trend analysis of cumulative confirmed, recovered, and deaths cases between two months is displayed. The right side of the dashboard presents state-wise confirmed, recovered, and deaths due to COVID-19 and additional tabs report date wise confirmed, recovered, and deaths due to coronavirus.

Screenshot of the NDMA India - COVID 19 dashboard updated 26 April 2020: 28,909 confirmed, 5,914 recovered and 826 deaths in India (2,918,917, 828,422 and 203,622 in the world), a pie chart of confirmed cases by state (Maharashtra 32.41%), a cumulative cases curve, a map with case bubbles and a bar chart of cases by state.
Figure: 6 India - COVID 19 by National Disaster Management Authority, GoI (India). Screenshot date: 26th April 2020 [52]

Besides these, the dashboard also displays a map where users can track the most affected part of the country due to COVID-19. It also gives information regarding the list of hospitals, testing laboratories, and quarantine information of suspected cases. The website also brings out the latest news from various credible sources and displays tweets from NDMA's twitter handle. One can update oneself with current scenario of COVID-19 pandemic spread in India through this dashboard.

Many states have also developed GIS incorporated dashboard with the credible data source to track COVID-19. COVID-19 Battle by Kerala [53] and COVID-19 Dashboard by Odisha [54] exhibit district level choropleth map of active cases. Clicking over the map, one can have access to information regarding district parameters such as: District name, Total Reported, Total Cured, Active Cases, and Death. PUNJAB COVID-19 DASHBOARD by Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana (India) [55] presents an interactive map with information sourced from The United States Department of State (USDOS), ESRI, HERE Technologies, Garmin Ltd, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Using the base map tool on top right corner of map, user can change the base map with available choice, and a rich layer source available in layer tool next to base map tool. There are twelve layers available and can be selected depending on the zoom level of the map. Using the drill-down functionality one can visualize street-level location of quarantine, positive cases and, location of designated COVID-19 hospitals. The left side donut chart and bottom bar chart dynamically changes as the map changes. The bottom of the web-page presents district-wise information in a multi-coloured bar chart. By default, the chart exhibits only ‘Confirmed Cases’. The arrow below the chart leads us to some demographic information of the district and district hospitals that include: Home Quarantined Cases, Hospitalized Cases, Recovered Cases, Death Case, Isolation Beds, Total No. of Ventilators, and Total No. of ICU Beds. Date wise ‘Confirmed Cases’ and ‘Date-wise Sample Collection Results’ are shown in line chart. The bottom right of the dashboard shows the test results in a pie chart. K-GIS: COVID-19 Geospatial Portal by Karnataka developed and maintained by Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications Centre (KSRSAC) uses street level map to illustrate COVID-19 situation. The portal also exhibits six different thematic views, views of the containment area, and view of the hotspot. With a few clicks, one can get information on number of cases in the hotspot and the wards, villages, and taluk affected in the COVID-19 epidemic. The portal also provides additional information on X, Y coordinates of the positive cases along with address of the cases, date of declaration, and current status [56]. The complete list of dashboards that can track the COVID-19 in India is given in Table 2.

Table: 2 COVID-19 Maps & visuals (India)
Dashboard NameOrganization /StateLink/ References
GIS centric interactive dashboards
COVID-19 INDIAMoHFW GoI (India)https://www.mohfw.gov.in/index.php
India - COVID 19NDMA, GoI (India)http://gis.ndma.gov.in/arcgis/apps/sites/#/data
PRediction and Assesment of CoRona Infections and Transmission in IndiaIIT Delhihttp://pracriti.iitd.ac.in
Punjab StatePunjabhttp://gis-prsc.punjab.gov.in/covid/Punjab_level.aspx
PUNJAB COVID-19 DASHBOARDPunjabhttps://punjabcovid19.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/445965eec8744f5ab496a5d48e711e92
COVID-19Ideas2IThttps://covid-19.ideas2it.com
K-GIS: COVID-19 Geospatial PortalKarnatakahttps://kgis.ksrsac.in/covid/
Coronavirus MonitorHealthCheckhttps://corona.health-check.in
COVID-19 BattleKeralahttps://dashboard.kerala.gov.in
COVID-19 PUNJAB HEAT MAPIndia & Punjabhttps://dronamaps.com/corona.html#/
COVID-19 TrackerMicrosofthttps://www.bing.com/covid/local/india
COVID-19 DashboardOdishahttps://health.odisha.gov.in/covid19-dashboard.html
COVID-19 Dashboard - GujaratGujarathttps://gujcovid19.gujarat.gov.in
COVID-19 DashboardMadhya Pradeshhttps://mapit.gov.in/covid-19/Covid-Dashboard.aspx
Non-GIS interactive dashboards
Covid-19 PuducherryPuducherryhttps://covid19dashboard.py.gov.in
OFFICIAL DASHBOARDKarnatakahttp://covid19dashboard.karnataka.gov.in
COVID-19Meghalayahttp://meghalayaonline.gov.in/covid/
COVID19 DashboardNagalandhttps://covid19.nagaland.gov.in
Non-GIS Static dashboards
Control Room Information Centre for COVID-19Arunachal Pradeshhttp://covid19.itanagarsmartcity.in/covidstatus.php
COVID-19 Guidelines, Advisory, DashboardTripurahttps://covid19.tripura.gov.in/Default.aspx
COVID-19: Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradeshhttp://hmfw.ap.gov.in/covid_dashboard.aspx
Covid-19: Dashboard, Traveller Reporting and Volunteer RegistrationJammu & Kashmirhttps://baramulla.nic.in/covid-19-reporting-and-info/

Mobile Technology Use in India to Monitor and Control COVID-19

According to Statista, a German-based online statistical portal for market data, reported the number of smartphone users in India was projected to be 373.88 million in 2019 [57]. The Chinese government claims effectiveness of smartphone-based interventions in controlling and tracking the spread of COVID-19 [58, 59]. The Government of India, launched the Aarogya Setu App on 2nd April 2020 and it turned out to be the world’s quickest app to cross 50 million downloads. Aarogya Setu app [60] has been developed by the NIC under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and is available in Android and iOS platforms supporting 11 languages. This contract tracing feature uses a smartphone’s Bluetooth technology and GPS systems to alert users within Bluetooth proximity of COVID-19 patients[61].

Table 3 lists the official apps developed to battle with the COVID-19 pandemic. Contact tracing and tracking of COVID-19 patients use smartphones Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geo-fencing technology. Mobile apps also deliver critical information to the citizens regarding the updates of cases and other useful information during the pandemic times. Chhattisgarh (CG Covid-19 ePass [62]) and Rajasthan (RajCop Citizen [63]) use mobile apps to issue e-Pass during the lockdown period. Karnataka (Dasoha 2020 Food Delivery [64]) and Uttarakhand (Jan Aapurti – Uttarakhand [65]) use apps to deliver food for the needy and groceries to the citizens. Maharashtra (Mahakavach [66]), Gujrat (SMC COVID-19 Tracker [67]), Tamil Nadu (COVID-19 Quarantine Monitor Tamil Nadu (Official) [68]) and many other states use apps to track the COVID-19 suspected people to curb the spread of the disease.

Table: 3 COVID -19 Mobile Apps (India)
App NameStatePurposeFeatures
Aarogya Setu [60]NIC GoIContact tracing, COVID-19 alertCOVID alert, contact tracing, COVID information services, self-screening
Mahakavach [66]Maharashtra State Innovation SocietyContact tracing & tracking of COVID home quarantineContact tracing, tracking home quarantine
Covid Locator [69]GoaHome Quarantine Monitoring/trackingTracking home quarantine (map), COVID information services, Dashboard (India), heat map of home quarantine, help line services
Fight Covid [70]MaharashtraHome Quarantine Monitoring/trackingTracking home quarantine (map) and selfie, Reports
COVID CARE [71]Arunachal PradeshContact tracing & tracking of COVID home quarantineContact tracing, tracking home quarantine
UP Self-Quarantine App [72]Uttar PradeshHome Quarantine Monitoring/trackingCOVID information services, self-registration (travel history, symptoms, and test results), tracking home quarantine
COVID-19 Quarantine Monitor Tamil Nadu (Official) [68]Tamil NaduHome Quarantine Monitoring/trackingTracking home quarantine, Live location tracking and alerts
SMC COVID-19 Tracker [67]Surat Municipal Corporation (Gujrat)Contact tracing & tracking of COVID patientsTrack people with travel history (abroad, interstate) and direct contact with COVID-19 case, help line services, health monitoring of people who are in their database.
Telangana Covid19 Tracker [73]IT Cell Telangana State Police (Telangana)Home Quarantine Monitoring/trackingTracking home quarantine
House Quarantine AP Police [74]Andhra Pradesh Police DepartmentHome Quarantine Monitoring/trackingTracking home quarantine
Corona Mukt Himachal [75]Himachal PradeshHome Quarantine Monitoring/trackingTracking home quarantine
Quarantine Watch [76]KarnatakaSelf-reporting Home QuarantineSelf-reporting, tracking home quarantine, health monitoring of home quarantine people
Corona Watch [77]KarnatakaTracking of corona patientsLocation and movement history of corona patients (last 14 days), COVID information services, help line services
COVID-19 West Bengal Government [78]West BengalMonitor & control corona virusTracking home quarantine, COVID information services, help line services
MP COVID RESPONSE APP [79]Madhya PradeshCOVID-19 reportingDashboard (Madhya Pradesh and India), COVID reporting, COVID information services, donation to CM relief fund.
GCC – Corona Monitoring [80]Greater Chennai Corporation (Tamil Nadu)COVID-19 reportingCOVID reporting
Kavach [81]ChhattisgarhCOVID alertDashboard (Chhattisgarh, India, Global), self-screening,
Odisha COVID Dashboard [82]OdishaCOVID DashboardReal time dashboard
COVA Punjab [83]PunjabConnect people with governmentDashboard (Punjab, India & global), self-screening, COVID information services
COVAAS [84]AssamConnect people with governmentDistrict wise dashboard, e-pass, 104 helplines, donation to CMRF-Assam, COVID information services, Volunteer opportunities
Jan Sahayak - HelpMe App [85]HaryanaConnect people with governmentWelfare services, access to e-learning resources, Volunteer opportunities
RajCop Citizen [63]RajasthanConnect people with governmentLockdown pass, help line services, report crime or complaint, view FIR, search vehicle, background check, route services, women safety features
Uttarakhand CV 19 Tracking System [86]UttarakhandConnect people with governmentCOVID information services
RajCovidInfo [87]DoIT&C (Rajasthan)Connect people with governmentCOVID information services, help line services, location-based alerts
GoK Direct – Kerala [88]KeralaConnect people with governmentCOVID information services
mCOVID19 [89]MizoramConnect people with governmentCOVID information services
NMC COVID-19 [90]Nashik Municipal Corporation (Maharashtra)Connect people with governmentCOVID information services, COVID case reporting
COVID-19 Odisha [91]OdishaConnect people with governmentCOVID information services
T COVID’19 [92]TelanganaConnect people with governmentCOVID information services, help line services, tele-medicine
Trackmetic – (Niramoy) by Morigaon Police, Assam [93]Morigaon Police (Assam)Connect people with governmentCOVID information services
COVID-19 Care Tamil Nadu – (Official) [94]Tamil NaduConnect people with governmentSelf-screening, telemedicine request, real time COVID-19 report and tracker (map), COVID information services, help line services
Jaano [95]Districts Administration (Punjab)Connect people with governmentCOVID information services, find delivery services
Haryana Sahayak [96]HaryanaConnect people with governmentDashboard, COVID information services, self-screening, e-Pass, volunteer opportunities
COVID Care Delhi [97]DelhiConnect people with governmentSelf-screening, guidelines, help line services, ration, e-pass and hunger/shelter relief centres.
CG Covid-19 ePass [62]Chhattisgarhe-Pass during lockdowne-Pass
Dasoha 2020 Food Delivery [64]KarnatakaFood deliveryFood delivery
Jan Aapurti – Uttarakhand [65]Food and Civil Supplies Department (Uttarakhand)Food/groceries deliveryFood/ grocery delivery
Ayush Kavach [98]Uttar PradeshInformation and precautions to protect Covid-19Healthy life style awareness, AYUSH information services, YOGA sessions, help line services
West Bengal Emergency Fund [99]West BengalWest Bengal State Emergency Relief FundDonation to West Bengal State Emergency Relief Fund
Test yourself Puducherry [100]Innovaccer IncSelf-evaluationSelf-screening
Test yourself Goa [101]Innovaccer IncSelf-evaluationSelf-screening
nCOVID-19 Nagaland – Visitors App [102]NagalandApplications for visitors to NagalandCOVID information services, help line services, contact tracing, home quarantine, visitor pass, community reporting
Jharkhand Sahatya [103]Jharkhand Space Application Centre (Jharkhand)Tracking migrant workerGeo-Fencing (200km), capture migrant worker information lined with PFMS portal, Dashboard for migrant worker information, SMS facility
Ayush Sanjivani [104]Ministry of AYUSH, GOIResearchData collection tool to find the measures taken by public during COVID-19. Data will be analysed to find out practice of AYUSH interventions.
COVID19 Feedback [105]MeitY, Government of IndiaResearchCollecting feedback from individual who underwent COVID-19 treatment.

Summary

Map centric dashboards and mobile applications are popular tools and methods to disseminate COVID-19 updates to a wider population nationally and globally. Globally there are around thirteen dashboards that are maintained by universities and global development partners which use GIS map sources are ESRI living atlas, Google, and other maps as prime interface. In India there are around twenty-two dashboards, with eighteen of them are supported either by central or state government. Fourteen dashboards use GIS functionality to disseminate COVID-19 information. Around 42 mobile apps in India supported by government are used to monitor, and track of positive coronavirus cases and home quarantine people. Other services offered by these mobile apps connect people with the government for COVID-19 information, helpline services, and e-Pass during lockdown period.

Conclusion

Geographical Information System centred web-based dashboards have taken mainstream focus in COVID-19 tracking and preparedness in a pandemic situation. Enhanced data sharing policies, real-time information support, and use of modern GIS technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) aides in critical decision making to the authorities. GIS-based data dissemination is widely popular in ancient and modern medical science, especially in epidemiology and infectious disease outbreaks. Communication through modern smartphone technologies would protect the people, families, and their communities. The use of GIS technologies and its methods is a real problem-solving tool in the whole cycle of containing infectious disease outbreaks and improve the overall health system.

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Author Biographies

  • James T Devasia

    PhD Scholar

    Department of Preventive and Social Medicine

    Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research

    Puducherry

  • Subitha Lakshminarayanan

    Associate Professor

    Department of Preventive and Social Medicine

    Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research

    Puducherry

  • Sitanshu Sekhar Kar

    Additional Professor 

    Department of Preventive and Social Medicine

    Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research

    Puducherry

Published

2020-06-10

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Vol. 4 No. 1 (2020): International J Health Systems and Implementation Research

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Short Review

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How Modern Geographical Information Systems Based Mapping and Tracking Can Help to Combat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic around the World and India.: GIS Based Mapping and Tracking to Combat SARS-CoV2. (2020). International Journal of Health Systems and Implementation Research, 4(1), 30-54. https://ijhsir.ahsas-pgichd.org/index.php/ijhsir/article/view/64

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